Softgel capsules – those soft, easy-to-swallow capsules that contain vitamins, omega-3, and other dietary supplements – have in recent years become a particularly popular choice. But behind the obvious advantages of convenience and efficiency lies a less-discussed potential problem: the use of chemicals known as plasticizers.
To make the capsule soft, flexible, and pleasant to swallow, manufacturers often add plasticizers – most commonly from the phthalates family. These substances contribute to durability and flexibility, but they also raise increasing health concerns.
Phthalates are considered endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) – substances that mimic or inhibit the activity of various hormones in the human body, thereby disrupting normal hormonal function and harming, among other things, male and female fertility.
Studies in humans have also found possible links between exposure to phthalates and birth defects, allergies in children, and even heart disease. However, science is still trying to understand the extent of the risk and how much is “too much.”
What are phthalates?
One of the reasons it is difficult to assess the risk is that this is a large family of chemicals – not all phthalates are identical. Not all are used in softgel production, and many are found in other everyday products: Shower curtains, perfumes, air fresheners, and more.
Although capsules are not the main source of phthalate exposure, for people who consume supplements daily – this is an issue worth paying attention to.
Which phthalates are allowed for use?
Several types of phthalates have been approved for use in medications, including:
Diethyl phthalate (DEP) – the most common, considered to have relatively low toxicity.
Cellulose acetate phthalate
Polyvinyl acetate phthalate
Hypromellose phthalate – substances mainly used for coating drugs to protect them from stomach acids, considered safe when used correctly.
Health agencies such as the FDA in the U.S. and the EMA in Europe have set clear limits on the use of phthalates in medicines, including daily intake limits and ongoing safety monitoring.
But when it comes to dietary supplements, the picture is less clear. Many of them are sold over the counter and consumed without medical supervision. This means that consumers may be exposed to high levels – especially since they are also exposed to other environmental sources.
Although the use of phthalates in medications is regulated, it is recommended to stay aware. If you regularly take dietary supplements, it is advisable to check the ingredient list, consult a pharmacist, or look for products labeled “Phthalate-free.”
As research in the field continues to develop, it is expected that regulation will also continue to change and require manufacturers to update their production methods accordingly.